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significant decrease » significant increase (Expand Search), significantly increased (Expand Search)
change increases » large increases (Expand Search), shape increases (Expand Search), range increase (Expand Search)
larger decrease » marked decrease (Expand Search)
significant decrease » significant increase (Expand Search), significantly increased (Expand Search)
change increases » large increases (Expand Search), shape increases (Expand Search), range increase (Expand Search)
larger decrease » marked decrease (Expand Search)
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Seven forecast scenarios.
Published 2025“…We estimate error correction models, which we ensure are free from residual autocorrelation and structural breaks. We find that a decrease in expenditures has a larger effect on decreasing energy consumption than an increase in expenditures does on increasing consumption. …”
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Forecast for each scenario, 2023-2032.
Published 2025“…We estimate error correction models, which we ensure are free from residual autocorrelation and structural breaks. We find that a decrease in expenditures has a larger effect on decreasing energy consumption than an increase in expenditures does on increasing consumption. …”
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Ignition delay process shot by high-speed camera.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Data disclosure (Bai - manuscript).
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Experimental bench and corresponding facility.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Three classic combustion stages of the flame.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Flame binarization image processing flow.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Experimental condition of fixed oil drop volume.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Schematic diagram of experimental injector size.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Droplet boiling modes at different temperatures.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Risk Classification Diagram of Hot Surface.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Physical parameters of engine lubricating oil.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”
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Variation of heat flow with wall temperature.
Published 2025“…With spray hole diameters ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, the fractal dimensions of all droplet flames appear at around 2.6 seconds, but the values of <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> vary significantly. As the spray hole diameter (<i>S</i>) decreases, <i>D</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> approaches 2. …”