Water level changes in the Caspian Sea. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Methods used to extract shoreline changes. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Coastline variations in different years. Map data were generated with Natural Earth (http://www.naturalearthdata.com/). حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Study area of the Caspian Sea. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Morlet wavelet power spectrum of the sea level. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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(a) Change rates were calculated for each transect along the coastlines from 1985 to 2023; (b) Coastline change rates of the Caspian Sea based on the EPR and LRR. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Water surface transitions from 1984 to 2021. The map data were generated by the Global Surface Water Explorer (https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/faq). حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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The coastline changes of the Aral Sea from 1960 to 2023. Land cover data are from LANDSAT 8 ( حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Coastal area changes during the period 1985–2023. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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(a) Surface area and volume change with water level; (b) Topographic changes in the Caspian Sea. حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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(a) Coastline length changes in the Caspian Sea; (b) LSI changes between 1985 and 2023 (P1 = 1985–1990, P2 = 1990–1995, P3 = 1995–2000, P4 = 2000–2005, P5 = 2005–2010, P6 = 2010–20... حسب Zihao Duan (17403792)

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Amplitude for A/L = 0.29. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Top view of the experimental setup. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Amplitude for A/L = 0.338. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Parameters of energy harvesting. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Graph for Max Amplitude/Length at G_y = 0. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Amplitude for A/L = 0.02. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Graph for maximum Frequency at G_y = 0. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Graph for maximum Power at G_y = 0. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"

Amplitude for A/L = 0.03. حسب Muhammad Hammad Bucha (21736111)

"…Increased surface roughness significantly reduced power output, flapping frequency, and amplitude. …"