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Results of the LMM analysis for IOP change.
Published 2025“…The mean GMS was 2.46 ± 1.33 preoperatively, and decreased to 1.32 ± 1.31 at 3 months, and 1.60 ± 1.41 at 12 months postoperatively. …”
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Results of the LMM analysis for GMS change.
Published 2025“…The mean GMS was 2.46 ± 1.33 preoperatively, and decreased to 1.32 ± 1.31 at 3 months, and 1.60 ± 1.41 at 12 months postoperatively. …”
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Performance comparison of ML models.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Comparative data of different soil samples.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Confusion matrix of random forest model.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Sensor value scenario for fuzzy logic algorithm.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Evaluation metrics of selected ML models.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Block diagram of the proposed system.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Chart for applicable amount of fertilizers.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Cost analysis of irrigation controller unit.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Run times of two algorithms.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Flow chart of Fuzzy Logic based control system.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”
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Block diagram for IoT-based irrigation system.
Published 2025“…Multi-spectral band images from Landsat-8 satellite images of a chosen land are employed from USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center for extracting indices that are used for agricultural analysis, determining the vegetation index, water index, and salinity index of that land using K-means. Furthermore, crop yield is predicted using Linear Regression and Random Forest, achieving accuracies of 93.49% and 95.87%, respectively, while using RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) as the loss function. …”