Variation of T₂ spectrum of 0.38 water–binder ratio of concrete during F–T process under 5 °C curing conditions: (a) Air content = 1.5%; (b) Air content = 3.6%; (c) Air... حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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SEM images of alkali-activated samples JW1 and JW3 at a magnification of ×1000. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Performance index of mineral powder. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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Density of alkali-activated composites with different SDW levels. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Flexural strengths of alkali-activated composites cured for 28, 60, and 90 days. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Relevant parameters fitted by Bai model. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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Compressive strengths of alkali-activated composites with different SDW levels when cured for 28, 60, and 90 days. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Variation of MLR of concrete under three curing conditions after F–T: (a) standard curing; (b) 5 °C curing; (c) −3 °C curing. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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The SEM images of sawdust particles (SDPs) in the alkali-activated sample MS4 with 10.0% of SDP contents. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Relationship between <i>β</i>₁ and <i>β</i>₂ and compressive strength. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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Density vs. SDP contents. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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The mineral compositions detected by the XRD method in Fig 20. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Compressive strengths of samples with different alkali-treated durations of SDPs. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Drying shrinkage vs. curing times. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Chemical components of binder materials: Slag powder (SP), red mud (RM), carbide slag (CS), and fly ash (FA). حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Fluidity of fresh samples with varying SDP contents. حسب Liang Li (46069)

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Concrete mix proportions. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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Variation of CSC with curing age under three curing conditions: (a) standard curing; (b) 5 °C curing; (c) −3 °C curing. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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Porosity changes in concrete after F–T under three curing conditions. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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Noun abbreviations. حسب YongHe Liu (20477123)

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