Risk Classification Diagram of Hot Surface. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Dynamic stability based on the Feasible Stability Region (FSR). حسب Hyung Suk Yang (20442438)

<i>RR</i> of the spatial effect and distribution of hot-cold spots. حسب Weiwei Meng (304234)

Risk of bias assessments for controlled trials. حسب Jesse Hill (19929059)

"…There was moderate heterogeneity among the 13 studies that reported MACE proportions, with a non-significant pooled risk ratio of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86−1.04). …"

Ignition delay process shot by high-speed camera. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Data disclosure (Bai - manuscript). حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Experimental bench and corresponding facility. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Three classic combustion stages of the flame. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Flame binarization image processing flow. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Experimental condition of fixed oil drop volume. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Schematic diagram of experimental injector size. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Droplet boiling modes at different temperatures. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Physical parameters of engine lubricating oil. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

Variation of heat flow with wall temperature. حسب Lei Bai (631944)

"…This research provides theoretical support for vehicle fire risk assessment and prevention. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) As the temperature of the hot surface increases, the ignition delay time generally shows a decreasing trend, with 450°C being a critical turning point; (2) There is an overlap between ignition and non-ignition cases within a specific range, forming a possible ignition zone, and the <i>R</i>² values of the fitting equations for the upper and lower boundaries are both above 95%, indicating a good fit. (3) The fractal dimension can effectively quantify the geometric complexity of the flame’s outer contour, thereby characterizing the stability of the flame’s combustion. …"

The Date. حسب Chengyuan Hao (21615653)

"…Secondly, the daily minimum and maximum temperatures increased significantly, which were 0.395°C/10a and 0.200°C/10a respectively<b>—</b>less than the national mean. …"

Mann-Kendall test for the mean temperature index. حسب Chengyuan Hao (21615653)

"…Secondly, the daily minimum and maximum temperatures increased significantly, which were 0.395°C/10a and 0.200°C/10a respectively<b>—</b>less than the national mean. …"

Variation curve of the extreme temperature index. حسب Chengyuan Hao (21615653)

"…Secondly, the daily minimum and maximum temperatures increased significantly, which were 0.395°C/10a and 0.200°C/10a respectively<b>—</b>less than the national mean. …"

Fluctuation trend of the mean temperature index. حسب Chengyuan Hao (21615653)

"…Secondly, the daily minimum and maximum temperatures increased significantly, which were 0.395°C/10a and 0.200°C/10a respectively<b>—</b>less than the national mean. …"

Variation curve of the mean temperature index. حسب Chengyuan Hao (21615653)

"…Secondly, the daily minimum and maximum temperatures increased significantly, which were 0.395°C/10a and 0.200°C/10a respectively<b>—</b>less than the national mean. …"

Demographics of the study population. حسب Sohyun Park (78358)

"…OBH was a significant independent predictor of iPD, with a cutoff of 1.52 mm. …"