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significant different » significantly different (Expand Search), significant difference (Expand Search), significant differences (Expand Search)
higher decrease » higher degree (Expand Search), higher degrees (Expand Search), highest increase (Expand Search)
different shape » different shapes (Expand Search), different scale (Expand Search), different stages (Expand Search)
significant different » significantly different (Expand Search), significant difference (Expand Search), significant differences (Expand Search)
higher decrease » higher degree (Expand Search), higher degrees (Expand Search), highest increase (Expand Search)
different shape » different shapes (Expand Search), different scale (Expand Search), different stages (Expand Search)
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The linearly decreasing convergence factor a.
Published 2025“…The performance of the canonical WOA is improved through innovative strategies: first, an initialization process using Good Nodes Set is introduced to ensure that the search starts from a higher-quality baseline; second, a distance-based guided search strategy is employed to adjust the search direction and intensity by calculating the distance to the optimal solution, which enhances the algorithm’s ability to escape local optima; and lastly, LSWOA introduces an enhanced spiral updating strategy, while the enhanced spiral-enveloping prey strategy effectively balances exploration and exploitation by dynamically adjusting the spiral shape parameters to adapt to different stages of the search, thereby more accurately updating the positions of individuals and improving convergence speed. …”
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