Testing set error. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Internal structure of an LSTM cell. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Prediction effect of each model after STL. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

The kernel density plot for data of each feature. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Analysis of raw data prediction results. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Flowchart of the STL. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

SARIMA predicts season components. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

BWO-BiLSTM model prediction results. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Bi-LSTM architecture diagram. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

STL Linear Combination Forecast Graph. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

LOSS curves for BWO-BiLSTM model training. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Analysis of STL-PCA prediction results. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Accumulated contribution rate of PCA. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Figure of ablation experiment. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Flowchart of the STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM model. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Parameter optimization results of BiLSTM. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Descriptive statistical analysis of data. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

The MAE value of the model under raw data. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Three error values under raw data. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"

Decomposition of time scries plot. حسب Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

"…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. Finally, the Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO)-tuned STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM hybrid model delivered optimal performance on test sets (RMSE = 0.22, MAE = 0.16, MAPE = 0.99%, ), exhibiting 40.7% higher accuracy than unoptimized BiLSTM (MAE = 0.27). …"