Results of Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) for change in parameter predicted by treatment group with pre-treatment value as a covariate. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. by Lijuan Liu (136685)

Average contact force and percentage of strong contact force under different conditions: (a) different particle shapes, (b) different particle sizes. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

The normal force between two particles with different equivalent diameters for P3: (a) hertznormal contact force; (b) normal viscous contact force. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

The tangential force between two particles with different equivalent diameters for P3: (a) elastic tangential contact force; (b) viscous tangential contact force. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

The normal force between two particles with De = 6.30 mm for different aspect ratios and sphericities: (a) hertz normal contact force; (b) normal viscous contact force. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

The tangential force between two particles with different aspect ratios and sphericities for De = 6.30 mm: (a) elastic tangential contact force; (b) viscous tangential contact forc... by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

The CDF of normal and tangential contact forces in numerical specimens after compression considering different particle morphologies: (a) normal contact force; (b) tangential conta... by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

Parameters used in the simulations. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

“…Similarly, increasing the equivalent diameter from 3.78 mm to 8.82 mm led to a 20–35% rise in peak stress. At the particle scale, both normal and tangential contact forces increased with larger equivalent diameters but exhibited complex dependencies on morphology due to varied contact patterns. …”

Two ellipsoidal particles in contact. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

“…Similarly, increasing the equivalent diameter from 3.78 mm to 8.82 mm led to a 20–35% rise in peak stress. At the particle scale, both normal and tangential contact forces increased with larger equivalent diameters but exhibited complex dependencies on morphology due to varied contact patterns. …”

Different contact patterns for two ellipsoids. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

“…Similarly, increasing the equivalent diameter from 3.78 mm to 8.82 mm led to a 20–35% rise in peak stress. At the particle scale, both normal and tangential contact forces increased with larger equivalent diameters but exhibited complex dependencies on morphology due to varied contact patterns. …”

Deviatoric stress-strain curves of numerical samples composed of elongated ellipsoids with different particle morphologies and particle sizes. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

Numerical samples composed of elongated ellipsoids before and after triaxial compression. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

The force chain distributions of different numerical samples composed of elongated ellipsoids with different particle morphologies and particle sizes before shearing and after load... by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

Different ellipsoidal particles with De = 6.30 mm used in the discrete element simulations. by Yongfeng Zhu (7361045)

Lifespan of a single <i>T. utriculata</i> rosette. by Alexandra M. Campbell (3284094)

Variables for the bromeliad agent representing a single <i>T. utriculata</i> rosette. by Alexandra M. Campbell (3284094)

Distribution of final population size (A) and mean change in mean MSI over time (B) over 100 simulations for each parameter set shown in Table 3 in the absence of weevils (left) an... by Alexandra M. Campbell (3284094)

Histograms of (A) distance measured in meters to nearest neighboring tree given bin widths of 2 m (<i>n</i> = 44), and (B) basal areas of all sampled trees (<i>n</i> = 58; bin widt... by Alexandra M. Campbell (3284094)

Variables of trees located at coordinates . by Alexandra M. Campbell (3284094)

Global parameters and variables for the model. by Alexandra M. Campbell (3284094)