Results of Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) for change in parameter predicted by treatment group with pre-treatment value as a covariate. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. حسب Lijuan Liu (136685)

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Comparison of treatment effects between premolar extraction and mandibular third molar extraction groups. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. حسب Lijuan Liu (136685)

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Comparison of upper and lower arch crowding between premolar extraction group and the mandibular third molar extraction groups. حسب Lijuan Liu (136685)

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Intraoperative facial and intraoral photographs of the case with mandibular third molar extraction. حسب Lijuan Liu (136685)

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Pretreatment facial, intraoral photographs, and radiographs of the case with premolar tooth extraction. حسب Lijuan Liu (136685)

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Pretreatment facial, intraoral photographs, and radiographs of the case with mandibular third molar extraction. حسب Lijuan Liu (136685)

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Summary of the expected results with corresponding hypotheses. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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The Ishihara test for colourblindness [41] encompasses stimuli that can determine the degree and type of colourblindness a person has. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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The demographics questionnaire includes questions about age, education, gender and employment. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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RTs (in ms, bars) and ACC (in%, line) across time points, with 95% confidence interval. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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RTs (in ms, bars) and ACC (in %, line) for the rebound effect, with 95% confidence interval. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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The Samn-Perelli Scale is a 7-point Likert scale used to assess fatigue [42, 45]. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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Examples of different stimuli for all subtasks of the task. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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The St Mary’s Hospital Sleep Questionnaire was used to estimate the sleep quality on the previous night. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is a 9-point Likert scale, ranging from “extremely 1 = alert” to “9 = extremely sleepy–fighting sleep” [44]. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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RTs (in ms, bars) and ACC (in %, line) for each simplified task-rule congruency condition, with 95% confidence interval. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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Summary of demographics: Left: Distribution of age; Right: Distribution of handedness as assessed by the EDI [40]. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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Schema of the experimental procedure. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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Summary of effects of gender on RT (in ms, bars) and ACC (in %, line), with 95% confidence interval. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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RTs (in ms, bars) and ACC (in %, line) across different types of task-rule congruency, with 95% confidence interval. حسب Marcel F. Hinss (14675457)

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