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Multimodal reference functions.
Published 2025“…Utilizing the diabetes dataset from 130 U.S. hospitals, the LGWO-BP algorithm achieved a precision rate of 0.97, a sensitivity of 1.00, a correct classification rate of 0.99, a harmonic mean of precision and recall (F1-score) of 0.98, and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 1.00. …”
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The convergence curves of the test functions.
Published 2025“…Utilizing the diabetes dataset from 130 U.S. hospitals, the LGWO-BP algorithm achieved a precision rate of 0.97, a sensitivity of 1.00, a correct classification rate of 0.99, a harmonic mean of precision and recall (F1-score) of 0.98, and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 1.00. …”
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Single-peaked reference functions.
Published 2025“…Utilizing the diabetes dataset from 130 U.S. hospitals, the LGWO-BP algorithm achieved a precision rate of 0.97, a sensitivity of 1.00, a correct classification rate of 0.99, a harmonic mean of precision and recall (F1-score) of 0.98, and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 1.00. …”