The loss <i>l</i>_<i>ij</i> inflicted to group j by one unit of the group i of its enemies when the group j is not easily detectable because hidden in a civil population. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Example of a bifurcation diagram of a <i>D—A</i> conflict. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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The structure of the three possible conflicts between two groups (<i>D</i> and <i>A</i> are defense and attack groups, respectively). ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Four different sets of <i>D—A</i> conflicts (see text for their meanings). ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Fig 18 - ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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The modified model when an exogenous stress <i>w</i>(<i>t</i>) is influencing the conflict. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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The influence of undetectability of the <i>A</i> group on the stalemate of a <i>D—A</i> conflict. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Time evolution of the losses in the conflict described in Fig 14. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Sets of <i>D—D</i> conflicts (shaded regions) where the victory of the first group is guaranteed. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Sets of <i>D—A</i> conflicts (shaded regions) where a periodic stalemate is the only possible outcome. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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An example of periodic stalemate in a <i>D—A</i> conflict. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Losses <i>L</i>₂₁ of the D group and size <i>x</i>₂ of the A group in a D—A conflict. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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In the red regions the stalemate is chaotic because the Lyapunov exponent is positive. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Aperiodic stalemates in conflicts between three groups. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Mean loss when the basic recruitment of the D group is increased (see points 1, 2, …, 6 in Fig 7). ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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The case of mixed recruitment strategies. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Time patterns of losses <i>L</i>₂₁ in six different D—A conflicts (see points 1, …, 6 in Fig 7). ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Stalemate of the same conflict described in Fig 14 but with an increased reactiveness <i>ρ</i>₁ of the D group (from <i>ρ</i>₁ = 0.05 to <i>ρ</i>₁... ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Example of a bifurcation diagram of a <i>D—D</i> conflict. ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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Fig 25 - ‌ Sergio Rinaldi (12197491)

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