Published 2025
“…A case study of a bidirectional disruption during the 08:00–10:00 on the section of Xi’an Metro Line 2 demonstrates that: (1) The proposed model exhibits stronger robustness under demand uncertainty, achieving a reduction of 3 dispatched vehicles and a cost saving of 9,439 RMB by moderately increasing passenger costs by 850 RMB and extending bridging time; (2) The RPGA
algorithm outperforms Non-dominated Sorting Genetic
Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Reinforcement
Learning-based NSGA-II (RLNSGA-II), and
Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization
Algorithm (MOPSO) in hypervolume (HV), generational distance (GD), and non-dominated ratio (NDR); (3) Increasing the rated passenger capacity
within a certain range can reduce average passenger delays but correspondingly raises transportation costs. …”