Comparative life-cycle assessment of reverse osmosis and microalgae-based treatment for hypersaline oilfield produced water
<p dir="ltr">The management of hypersaline produced water (130–190 g L<sup>−1</sup> TDS) from oil and gas operations—especially in regions with carbon-intensive grids like Kuwait—poses significant environmental and operational challenges. Its high salinity requires energy...
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2025
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