Workflow of the proposed enhanced Random Forest (eRF) algorithm for volcanic lithology classification.

<p>Data preprocessing includes quality control, Z-score standardization, and targeted imbalance correction with Borderline-SMOTE. The eRF is trained under nested GroupKFold cross-validation (inner loop: hyperparameter tuning by macro-F1; outer loop: model assessment). Trees adopt C4.5 gain-rat...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Xiu Jin (9452603) (author)
Other Authors: Taiji Yu (22574368) (author), Pujun Wang (8278896) (author), Minglong Nie (22574371) (author), Shichang Lu (20290999) (author)
Published: 2025
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